Digital Image Processing: Homework #3

EE 569 Digital Image Processing: Homework #3

EE 569: Homework #3

General Instructions:
1. Read Homework Guidelines and MATLAB Function Guidelines for the information about homework
programming, write-up and submission.
2. If you make any assumptions about a problem, please clearly state them in your report.
3. You need to understand the USC policy on academic integrity and penalties for cheating and
plagiarism. These rules will be strictly enforced.
In the first two problems, you will apply geometric modification and spatial warping techniques to do
some interesting image processing tricks. During this process, you may need to solve some linear
equations to get the matrix parameters.
Problem 1: Geometric Image Modification (25%)
Design and implement a spatial warping technique that transforms an input square image into an output
image of a star-shaped image, out of the square image. An example is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Warp the original image to star-shaped image.
The warped image should satisfy the following requirements:
• Pixels that lie on boundaries of the square should still lie on the boundaries of the star.
• Pixels on the two diagonals of the square should remain where they are.
• The thickness (height) of each black arc region is 64 pixels.
Apply the same developed spatial warping algorithm to Forky and Twenty-two images in Figure 2.
EE 569 Digital Image Processing: Homework #3
Professor C.-C. Jay Kuo Page 2 of 6
Figure 2: Forky and Twenty-two images.
(1) Describe your approach as clearly as possible and show the resulting images.
(2) Apply the reverse spatial warping to each warped image to recover its original image.
(3) Compare the recovered square image with the original square image. Is there any difference between
two images? If any, explain sources of distortion in detail.
Problem 2: Homographic Transformation and Image Stitching (25%)
One can use homographic transformation and image stitching techniques to create panorama that
consisting of multiple images. One example (Taken from MATLAB examples [1]) is shown in Figure 3.
The left images were taken with an uncalibrated smart phone camera by sweeping the camera from left to
right along the horizon to capture all parts of the building. The right panorama is the desired output by
stitching transformed images.
Figure 3: An example of image stitching to make panorama [1].
EE 569 Digital Image Processing: Homework #3
Professor C.-C. Jay Kuo Page 3 of 6
This example involves five images. However, the basic principle is to process in
terms of consecutive pair of images. It could be achieved by following these steps:
• Select control points from both images. You can use SIFT/SURF to detect control points. You
are allowed to use OpenCV or other open source code for selecting control points, online source
refer to [2].
• Apply homographic transformation to find a homograph mapping (described below).
• Warp one image onto the other using the estimated transformation.
• Create a new image big enough to hold the panorama and composite the warped image into it.
You can composite by simply averaging the pixel values where the two images overlap.
The homographic transformation procedure is stated below. Images of points in a plane, from
two different camera viewpoints, under perspective projection (pin hole camera models) are
related by a homography:
where 𝐻 is a 3x3 homographic transformation matrix, 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 denote the corresponding image
points in homogeneous coordinates before and after the transform, respectively. Specifically, we
have
To estimate matrix 𝐻, you can proceed with the following steps:
• Fix 𝐻33 = 1 so that there are only 8 parameters to be determined.
• Select four-point pairs in two images to build eight linear equations.
• Solve the equations to get the 8 parameters of matrix 𝐻.
• After you determine matrix 𝐻, you can project all points from one image to another by
following the backward mapping procedure and applying the interpolation technique.
Implement above homographic transformation and stitching techniques to composite the scenery
images in Figure 4. Show the results and make discussion on the following questions.
(1) How many control points were used? Show the corresponding control points between left and
middle pair, middle and right pair.
(2) How did you select control points? Clearly specify how you use matched feature from
SURF/SIFT to create panorama.
EE 569 Digital Image Processing: Homework #3
Professor C.-C. Jay Kuo Page 4 of 6
Figure 4. The scenery images (left, middle, right) (credit to Zhiruo Zhou)
Problem 3: Morphological processing (50%)
In this problem, you will implement the morphological processing operation: thinning. A pattern table
(patterntables.pdf) is attached for your reference. For shrinking and skeletonizing, you can use Matlab
or OpenCV functions if needed. Please show outputs for all following parts in your report and discuss
them thoroughly. Please state any assumptions you make in your solution.
Note: the provided greyscale images may not be binary images. You need to binarize them before doing
morphological processing. Binarize the image in the following way: suppose the maximum pixel intensity
is 𝑥, then any locations with original intensity greater than 0.5𝑥 are labeled as 1 in the binary image.
Otherwise, 0.
(a) Basic morphological process implementation (15%)
Please apply the “thinning” filter to the pattern images (spring, flower, jar) below. Show your results,
including intermediate processing result (around the 20th iteration) and give reasonable explanation.
Figure 5: flower, jar, spring (modified from [3])
(b) Defect detection and counting (20%)
A greyscale image of a deer is shown in Figure 6. The deer image is supposed to be all white; however,
there are black defects of different sizes all over the deer. Suppose that black holes whose sizes are smaller
than 50 pixels are defects. Please apply morphological processing algorithm for automatic defect counting
EE 569 Digital Image Processing: Homework #3
Professor C.-C. Jay Kuo Page 5 of 6
and detection. For each question, please explain your method and include intermediate results if there are
any:
(1) Count the total number of defects in the image.
(2) How many different defect sizes are present in the image? What is the frequency of these defect
sizes?
(Hint: The defect size is the number of pixels in a defect. Please state any further assumption you
take regarding defect size.)
(3) Correct the defects and show the clear deer image.
Figure 6: deer with defect.
(c) Object Segmentation and Analysis (15%)
Figure 7 displays different types of beans.
Figure 7: beans (modified from [4])
For each question, please explain your method and include intermediate results if there are any:
(1) Count the total number of beans via morphological processes.
(2) Generate the segmentation mask for different types of beans. Then compare the size of different
types of beans. Rank the bean’s size from small to large in terms of type.
Note: You need to convert the incoming RGB image to grayscale image first and then apply
morphological processes. Some pre-processing or post-process may be needed to deal with unwanted
dots and holes.
EE 569 Digital Image Processing: Homework #3
Professor C.-C. Jay Kuo Page 6 of 6
Appendix:
Problem 1&2: Geometric Image Modification
Forky.raw 328x328 24-bit color (RGB)
22.raw 328x328 24-bit color (RGB)
left.raw 576x432 24-bit color (RGB)
middle.raw 576x432 24-bit color (RGB)
right.raw 576x432 24-bit color (RGB)
Problem 3: Morphological processing
spring.raw 252x252 8-bit greyscale
flower.raw 247x247 8-bit greyscale
jar.raw 252x252 8-bit greyscale
deer.raw 550x691 8-bit greyscale
beans.raw 494x82 24-bit color (RGB)
Note: “550x691” means “width=550, height=691”.
References
[1] Matlab panorama example: https://www.mathworks.com/help/vision/ug/feature-based-panoramicimage-stitching.html
[2] OPENCV feature matching example: https://docs.opencv.org/3.4/d5/d6f/tutorial_feature_flann_matcher.html
[3] MPEG-7 Shape dataset: http://www.dabi.temple.edu/~shape/MPEG7/dataset.html
[4] https://wdrfree.com/stock-vector/download/beans-legumes-set-vector-illustration-397505954