Lab #1: Introduction    to    Matlab  

ECES-352

Lab    #1:        Introduction    to    Matlab    
Pre-Lab:    You    should    read    the    Pre-Lab    section    of    the    lab    and    go    over    all    exercises    in    
this    section    before    going    to    your    assigned    lab    session.    
Verification:    The    Warm-up    section    of    each    lab    must    be    completed    during    your    
assigned    Lab    time,    and    the    steps    marked    Instructor    Verification    must    also    be    signed    
off    during    the    lab    time.    The    laboratory    instructor    must    verify    the    appropriate    steps    
by    signing    on    the    Instructor    Verification    line.    When    you    have    completed    a    step    that    
requires    verification,    simply    raise    your    hand    and    demonstrate    the    step    to    the    
instructor.    Turn    in    the    completed    verification    sheet    to    your    instructor    when    you    
leave    the    lab.
Lab    Report:    It    is    only    necessary    to    turn    in    Section    3    as    this    week’s    lab    report    with    
graphs    and    explanations.        You    are    asked    to    label    the    axes    of    your    plots    and    include    a    
title    for    every    plot.    In    order    to    keep    track    of    plots,    include    your    plot    inlined    within    
your    report.    
Forgeries    and    plagiarism    are    a    violation    of    the    honor    code    and    will    be    referred    to    
the    Dean    of    Students    for    disciplinary    action.    You    are    allowed    to    discuss    lab    exercises    
with    other    students    and    you    are    allowed    to    consult    old    lab    reports    but    the    submitted    
work    should    be    original    and    it    should    be    your    own    work.        In    particular,    any    MATLAB    
code    that    you    submit    should    be    your    own,    the    words    in    your    report    should    be    your    
own,    and    any    plots    that    you    submit    should    be    your    own.    
Due    Date:    The    Verification    part    is    due    today,    and    the    lab    report    will    due    on next
week at    the    start    of    your    lab.
1 Pre-Lab
In this first week, the Pre-Lab will be extremely short and very easy. We will be testing out your ability to
do a WebCT on-line quiz, and also some other software for doing the grading. Therefore, make sure that
you read through the information below prior to coming to lab.
1.1 Overview
MATLAB will be used extensively in all the labs. The primary goal of this lab is to familiarize yourself
with using MATLAB. Please read Appendix B: Programming in MATLAB for an overview. Here are three
specific goals for this lab:
1. Learn basic MATLAB commands and syntax, including the help system.
2. Write and edit your own script files in MATLAB, and run them as commands.
3. Learn a little about advanced programming techniques for MATLAB, i.e., vectorization.
1.2 Movies: MATLAB Tutorials
On the Web-CT course page, there are a large number of Real-media movies on basic topics in MATLAB,
e.g., colon operator, indexing, functions, etc. Look for the link with the movie film icon.
1.3 Getting Started
After logging in, you can start MATLAB by double-clicking on a MATLAB icon, typing matlab in a terminal window, or by selecting MATLAB from a menu such as the START menu under Windows-95/98/NT.
The following steps will introduce you to MATLAB.
(a) View the MATLAB introduction by typing intro at the MATLAB prompt. This short introduction
will demonstrate some of the basics of using MATLAB.
(b) Run the MATLAB help desk by typing helpdesk. The help desk provides a hypertext interface to the
MATLAB documentation. The MATLAB preferences can be set to use Netscape or Internet Explorer as
the browser for help. Two links of interest are Getting Help (at the bottom of the right-hand frame),
and Getting Started which is under MATLAB in the left-hand frame.
(c) Explore the MATLAB help capability available at the command line. Try the following:
help
help plot
help colon %<--- a VERY IMPORTANT notation
help ops
help zeros
help ones
lookfor filter %<--- keyword search
NOTE: it is possible to force MATLAB to display only one screen-full of information at once by
issuing the command more on).
(d) Run the MATLAB demos: type demo and explore a variety of basic MATLAB commands and plots.
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(e) Use MATLAB as a calculator. Try the following:
pi*pi - 10
sin(pi/4)
ans ˆ 2 %<--- "ans" holds the last result
(f) Do variable name assignment in MATLAB. Try the following:
x = sin( pi/5 );
cos( pi/5 ) %<--- assigned to what?
y = sqrt( 1 - x*x )
ans
(g) Complex numbers are natural in MATLAB. The basic operations are supported. Try the following:
z = 3 + 4i, w = -3 + 4j
real(z), imag(z)
abs([z,w]) %<-- Vector constructor
conj(z+w)
angle(z)
exp( j*pi )
exp(j*[ pi/4, 0, -pi/4 ])
2 Warm-up
2.1 MATLAB Array Indexing
(a) Make sure that you understand the colon notation. In particular, explain in words what the following
MATLAB code will produce
jkl = 0 : 6
jkl = 2 : 4 : 17
jkl = 99 : -1 : 88
ttt = 2 : (1/9) : 4
tpi = pi * [ 0:0.1:2 ];
(b) Extracting and/or inserting numbers in a vector is very easy to do. Consider the following definition
of xx:
xx = [ zeros(1,3), linspace(0,1,5), ones(1,4) ]
xx(4:6)
size(xx)
length(xx)
xx(2:2:length(xx))
Explain the results echoed from the last four lines of the above code.
(c) Observe the result of the following assignments:
yy = xx; yy(4:6) = pi*(1:3)
Now write a statement that will take the vector xx defined in part (b) and replace the even indexed
elements (i.e., xx(2), xx(4), etc) with the constant ππ. Use a vector replacement, not a loop.
Instructor Verification (separate page)
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2.2 MATLAB Script Files
(a) Experiment with vectors in MATLAB. Think of the vector as a set of numbers. Try the following:
xk = cos( pi*(0:11)/4 ) %<---comment: compute cosines
Explain how the different values of cosine are stored in the vector xk. What is xk(1)? Is xk(0)
defined?
NOTES: the semicolon at the end of a statement will suppress the echo to the screen. The text
following the % is a comment; it may be omitted.
(b) (A taste of vectorization) Loops can be written in MATLAB, but they are NOT the most efficient way
to get things done. It’s better to always avoid loops and use the colon notation instead. The following
code has a loop that computes values of the cosine function. (The index of yy() must start at 1.)
Rewrite this computation without using the loop (follow the style in the previous part).
yy = [ ]; %<--- initialize the yy vector to be empty
for k=-5:5
yy(k+6) = cos( k*pi/5 )
end
yy
Explain why it is necessary to write yy(k+6). What happens if you use yy(k) instead?
Instructor Verification (separate page)
(c) Plotting is easy in MATLAB for both real and complex numbers. The basic plot command will plot a
vector y versus a vector x. Try the following:
x = [-3 -1 0 1 3 ];
y = x.*x - 3*x;
plot( x, y )
z = x + y*sqrt(-1)
plot( z ) %<---- complex values: plot imag vs. real
Use help arith to learn how the operation xx.*xx works when xx is a vector; compare to
matrix multiply.
When unsure about a command, use help.
(d) Use the built-in MATLAB editor (on Windows-95/98/NT), or an external one such as EMACS on
UNIX/LINUX, to create a script file called mylab1.m containing the following lines:
tt = -1 : 0.01 : 1;
xx = cos( 5*pi*tt );
zz = 1.4*exp(j*pi/2)*exp(j*5*pi*tt);
plot( tt, xx, ’b-’, tt, real(zz), ’r--’ ), grid on
%<--- plot a sinusoid
title(’TEST PLOT of a SINUSOID’)
xlabel(’TIME (sec)’)
Note: Do not save this file or any of your MATLAB files to the local hard disk. Your computer
account contains a private networked directory where you can store your own files. Use the MATLAB
command addpath() to allow MATLAB to “see” your personal directory (usually the Z: drive).
Explain why the plot of real(zz) is a sinusoid. What is its phase and amplitude? Make a calculation of the phase from a time-shift measured on the plot.
Instructor Verification (separate page)
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(e) Run your script from MATLAB. To run the file mylab1 that you created previously, try
mylab1
type mylab1
%<---will run the commands in the file
%<---will type out the contents of
% mylab1.m to the screen
3 Laboratory: Manipulating Sinusoids with MATLAB
Now you’re on your own. Include a short summary of this Section with plots in your Lab report.
Write a MATLAB script file to do steps (a) through (d) below. Include a listing of the script file with your
report.
(a) Generate a time vector (tt) to cover a range of t that will exhibit approximately two cycles of the
1250 Hz sinusoids defined in the next part, part (b). Use a definition for tt similar to part 2.2(d). If
we use T to denote the period of the sinusoids, define the starting time of the vector tt to be equal
to −T, and the ending time as +T. Then the two cycles will include t = 0. Finally, make sure that
you have at least 25 samples per period of the sinusoidal wave. In other words, when you use the
colon operator to define the time vector, make the increment small enough to generate 25 samples per
period.
(b) Generate two 1250 Hz sinusoids with arbitrary amplitude and time-shift.
x1(t) = A1 cos(2π(1250)(t − tm1 )) x2(t) = A2 cos(2π(1250)(t − tm2 ))
Select the value of the amplitudes and time-shifts as follows: Let A2 be equal to your age and set
A1 = 1.2A2. For the time-shifts, set tm1 = −(37.2/M)T and tm2 = (41.3/D)T where D and M
are the day and month of your birthday, and T is the period.
Make a plot of both signals over the range of −T ≤ t ≤ T. For your final printed output in part
(d) below, use subplot(3,1,1) and subplot(3,1,2) to make a three-panel subplot that puts
both of these plots in the same figure window. See help subplot.
(c) Create a third sinusoid as the sum: x3(t) = x1(t) + x2(t). In MATLAB this amounts to summing the
vectors that hold the values of each sinusoid. Make a plot of x3(t) over the same range of time as
used in the plots of part (b). Include this as the third panel in the plot by using subplot(3,1,3).
(d) Before printing the three plots, put a title on each subplot, and include your name in one of the titles.
See help title, help print and help orient, especially orient tall.
3.1 Theoretical Calculations
Remember that the phase of a sinusoid can be calculated after measuring the time location of a positive
peak,1 if we know the frequency.
(a) Make measurements of the “time-location of a positive peak” and the amplitude from the plots of
x1(t) and x2(t), and write those values for Ai and tmi directly on the plots. Then calculate (by hand)
the phases of the two signals, x1(t) and x2(t), by converting each time-shift tmi to phase. Write the
calculated phases φi directly on the plots.
Note: when doing computations, express phase angles in radians, not degrees!
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Usually we say time-delay or time-shift instead of the “time location of a positive peak.”
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(b) Measure the amplitude and time-shift of x3(t) directly from the plot and then calculate the phase
(φ3) by hand. Write these values directly on the plot to show how the amplitude and time-shift were
measured, and how the phase was calculated.
(c) Now use the phasor addition theorem. Carry out a phasor addition of complex amplitudes for x1(t)
and x2(t) to determine the complex amplitude for x3(t). Use the complex amplitude for x3(t) to
verify that your previous calculations of A3 and φ3 were correct.
3.2 Complex Amplitude
Write one line of MATLAB code that will generate values of the sinusoid x1(t) above by using the complexamplitude representation:
x1(t) = #e{Xejωt
}
Use constants for X and ω.
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Lab #1
ECES352
2014
INSTRUCTOR VERIFICATION SHEET
Turn this page in to your grading TA.
Name: Date of Lab:
Part 2.1 Vector replacement using the colon operator:
Verified: Date/Time:
Part 2.2(b) Explain why it is necessary to write yy(k+6). What happens if you use yy(k) instead?
Verified: Date/Time:
Part 2.2(d) Explain why the plot of real(zz) is a sinusoid. What is its amplitude and phase? In the space
below, make a calculation of the phase from time-shift.
Verified: Date/Time:
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