Homework #1 basic MIPS instructions

Systems Fundamentals I
Homework #1

Ÿ Download the Stony Brook version of MARS posted on Piazza. DO NOT USE the MARS available on the official webpage. The Stony Brook version has a reduced instruction set, added tools,
and additional system calls you will need to complete the homework assignments.
o You personally must implement the assignment in MIPS Assembly language by yourself. You
may not use a code generator or other tools that write any MIPS code for you. You must manually
write all MIPS Assembly code you submit as part of the assignment. You may also not write a
code generator in MIPS Assembly that generates MIPS Assembly.
o All test cases MUST execute in 5,000 instructions or less. Efficiency is an important aspect of
programming.
o Any excess output from your program (debugging notes, etc) WILL impact your grading. Do
not leave erroneous printouts in your code!
o You are also not permitted to start your label names with two underscores ( __ ). You will
obtain a ZERO for the assignment if you do this.
Introduction
The goal of this homework is to become familiar with basic MIPS instructions, syscalls, basic
loops, conditional logic and memory representations.
In this assignment, you will familiarize yourself with a feature of the C programming language
known as structs . A struct is a composite data type that is used to group variables under one
name in a contiguous block of memory. You will be reading, populating and editing the fields of a
struct. The struct you will be dealing with is depicted on the next page.
CSE 220 – Spring 2018 Homework #1 Page 1
1 struct cse220_student {
2 int id; // size: 4b (b == bytes)
3 String netid; // size: 4b; starting address of the string
4 float percentile; // size: 4b; single precision IEEE-754
5 short grade; // size: 2b; byte[0] is letter and byte[1] is sign
6 nibble recitation; // size: 4 bits; NOTE: nibble isn’t a true C datatype
7 nibble favtopics; // size: 4 bits; bit vector
8 };
This struct is 15 bytes in size in total.
Line 1
This is the type declaration of the struct. This particular struct is named cse220_student . If
you are interested in learning more about structs in C you can start here.
Line 2
This is the first field in the struct. This is an integer which represents the SBU ID of the student. A
32 bit integer takes up 4 bytes of memory.
Line 3
This field contains a "reference" to the NetID for the student. A string in MIPS is an array of
characters (ASCII bytes). The struct holds the the starting address of the array of characters in
memory.
Line 4
This field stores as a single precision float value. This float is stored in IEEE-754 single precision
format. The float data type is 4 bytes in size.
Line 5
This is a 2 byte field that will hold the characters representing the letter grade of the student.
Remember, ASCII characters are byte values.
Line 6 & 7
The recitation field is a 4 bit unsigned integer. The favtopics field is a 4 bit field which is
a bit vector of the student’s favorite topics. Combined, these fields are 1 byte in size.
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Part 1: Command-line arguments
In the first part of the assignment you will initialize your program and identify the different command line arguments.
Configuring MARS for Command-line Arguments
Your program is going to accept command line arguments, which will be provided as input to the
program. To tell MARS that we wish to accept command line arguments, we must go to the Settings menu and select:
Program arguments provided to the MIPS program .
After assembling your program, in the Execute tab you should see a text box where you can type
in your command line arguments before running the program.
Each command line argument should be separated by a space.
V Your program must ALWAYS be run with at least one command line argument! You can expect
that command line arguments will always be given in the correct order for this assignment.
When your program is assembled and then run, the arguments to your program are placed in
memory. Information about the arguments is then provided to your code using the argument
registers, $a0 and $a1 . The $a0 register contains the number of arguments passed to your
program. The $a1 register contains the starting address of an array of strings. Each element in
the array is the starting address of the argument specified on the command line.
Ÿ All arguments are saved in memory as ASCII character strings.
Your program will take the following command-line arguments separated by space:
NETID ID GRADE RECITATION FAVTOPICS PERCENTILE
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• NETID : Student’s NetID.
• ID : Student’s SBU ID.
• GRADE : Student’s CSE 220 letter grade. This value can be one or two characters long. The
first character will be in the inclusive range of uppercase A to uppercase F . The second
optional character will either be + or - .
• RECITATION : Represents the recitation number.
• FAVTOPICS : This argument is a series of 4 (four) 1s and/or 0s. Each representing the topic
the student liked.
• PERCENTILE : Represents the percentile ranking of student.
V All the arguments, except NETID , need to be validated appropriately.
We have provided you boilerplate code in the hw1.asm file for extracting each of the arguments
from the array and storing their values in accessible labels in your .data section
load_args is an assembler macro. Macros are a textual replacement of code at assemble time,
while functions are changes in control flow during run time. We use it to simplify access to the
command line arguments for this first assignment. load_args will store the total number of
arguments provided to the program at an address in memory labeled numargs . In addition, the
starting address of each argument string that is provided to your program can be accessed using
their labels (eg. AddressOfNetId, AddressOfId, etc).
Ÿ You may implement macros in your own programs. However, it is not a requirement. We
caution their use, as they can introduce non-obvious coding bugs if not used carefully!
o You can declare more items in your .data section after the provided code. Any code that
has already been specified MUST appear exactly as defined in the provided file. DO NOT REMOVE or RENAME these labels.
o The load_args macro will crash if zero arguments are provided when you run the program.
You must test with at least 1 argument specified. In addition, NEVER call this macro again within
your program. Doing so could overwrite the command line arguments passed to your program.
Writing the program
In hw1.asm , begin writing your program after the load_args macro.
First, add code to check the number of command line arguments provided. If the value stored
in memory at label numargs is not 6, the program should print out err_string and exit the
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program (syscall 10). Note that the error string has already been defined in your .data section
and is stored in memory at the address labeled err_string .
Ÿ The number of arguments is stored in memory at the label numargs by the macro, but the
value is also STILL in $a0 , as the macro code does not modify the contents of $a0 . Remember,
values remain in registers until a new value is stored into the register, thereby overwriting it.
Ÿ To print a string in MIPS, you need to use system call 4. You can find a listing of all the official
MARS systems calls here. You can also find the documentation for all instructions and supported
system calls within MARS itself. Click the ä in the tool bar to open it.
If the number of arguments is valid, proceed to check each argument’s validity.
We have added two special syscalls to MARS to assist with this assignment:
1. atoi syscall: convert an ASCII string of digit characters to a 32-bit integer. You should
use this syscall to convert each argument that is supposed to be an integer from its ASCII
string representation to an integer values, i.e ID and RECITATION should be converted
to integers.
2. atof syscall: convert an ASCII string of digit characters to a 32-bit IEEE-754 Single Precision floating point number. You should use this syscall to convert each ASCII string representation of the float to its floating point value, i.e PERCENTILE should be converted to a
float.
Service Code Args Result
$a0 = Starting address Converts an ASCII string to an integer
atoi 84 of the string to convert and places the result in $v0.
Success: $v1 = 0, Fail: $v1 = -1
$a0 = Starting address Converts an ASCII string to a float
atof 85 of the string to convert and places the resulting binary representation in $v0.
Success: $v1 = 0, Fail: $v1 = -1
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The atoi syscall returns failure if the provided string contains any ASCII character not in the
following set:
{ ‘-’, ‘0’, ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’, ‘4’, ‘5’, ‘6’, ‘7’, ‘8’, ‘9’ }.
The atof syscall returns failure if the provided string contains any ASCII character not in the
following set:
{ ‘.’, ‘-’, ‘0’, ‘1’, ‘2’, ‘3’, ‘4’, ‘5’, ‘6’, ‘7’, ‘8’, ‘9’ }.
The arguments are valid if atoi/atof returns success and the values returned are in the appropriate ranges.
Ÿ NOTE: Real computers do not have these types of syscalls. These were created for your ease
in this assignment.
Ÿ Remember, the addresses of the arguments, which were null-terminated sequence of ASCII
characters (strings), were stored at unique labels by the load_args() macro. You will need to
use load instruction(s) to obtain the value(s) of these strings stored at the addresses.
The following is a summary of the arguments that need to be validated.
• ID : The value is in the inclusive range [0, 999999999]
• GRADE : This value can be one or two ASCII characters long. The first character will be in
the inclusive range of uppercase A to uppercase F . The second optional character will
either be + or - .
Example Input Valid/Invalid
A- valid
F valid
a@ invalid
HELLOCSE220 invalid
• RECITATION : This value must be in the following set: {8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14}.
• FAVTOPICS : This argument is a series of exactly 4 (four) 1s and 0s. Each representing the
topic the student liked.
Example Input Valid/Invalid
1011 valid
1 invalid
000asdf0 invalid
Ÿ Hint: Use bit wise instructions and remember that ASCII characters are not the
same as bits. Convert from one form to the other to make sure that the comparison
is valid.
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• PERCENTILE : This value must be in the inclusive range [0.0, 100.0].
Print out err_string and exit the program (syscall 10) if any of the arguments is invalid.
At this point, your program should correctly handle and validate all of the command-line arguments passed to the program.
o After checking numargs , you must parse the arguments in the following order: ID, NETID,
PERCENTILE, GRADE, RECITATION, and FAVTOPICS. This matters because the print statements’ ordering will vary if you deviate from the specified order. We will grade in this order.
Part 2: Modifying the cse220_student struct in memory
Make sure you completed ALL of part 1 before doing this part.
To refresh, the struct is shown below.
1 struct cse220_student {
2 int id; // size: 4b (b == bytes)
3 String netid; // size: 4b; starting address of the string
4 float percentile; // size: 4b; single precision IEEE-754
5 short grade; // size: 2b; byte[0] is letter and byte[1] is sign
6 nibble recitation; // size: 4 bits; NOTE: nibble isn’t a true C datatype
7 nibble favtopics; // size: 4 bits; bit vector
8 };
We have provided you with a set of structs in different files with names like Struct1.asm. In
each file is a label Student_Data: , which is the address of the first byte of the struct stored in
memory.
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The image displayed above will help you visualize the fields of the struct in memory.
Compare each field passed through the command line with the corresponding field in the struct
stored at the label Student_Data . If they are the same, then print the appropriate message
corresponding to the field. For example, if the RECITATION argumentis the same as the recitation
field of the struct at the Student_Data label, then print the message at unchanged_Recitation .
If the data that is passed to your program through the command line arguments is notthe same as
the data that is available at Student_Data , then save the argument value to the corresponding
field in the struct in memory. For example, if the RECITATION argument is the different from
the recitation field of the struct at the Student_Data label, then print the message at
updated_Recitation and update the value of the argument in memory.
Remember, to compare the strings representing to the netid , you will have to compare the
strings character by character. If they are different you will have to update the ADDRESS, i.e. the
netid field should reference the string passed to the program as a command-line argument.
o You are guaranteed that the space at the Student_Data label is large enough to fit the
full struct but may not necessarily contain all the correct data. You are also guaranteed that the
addresses referenced by the netid field will be valid.
Once you are done modifying all the fields, print out the hex value of each byte in the struct at
Student_Data , using the hex system call. Start at byte 0 and end at byte 14. You are shown
sample output in the provided the sample files. You must use a loop.
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Sample files are provided (with expected outputs in the comments of the files) on PIAZZA. These
files must be placed in the same directory as your Mars executable! If they are in a different
location, you need to change the .include “Struct1.asm” to contain the full path of the
file.
o Look at the sample result files provided to you in the hw1 zip you downloaded from Piazza for
examples of what should be printed.
V It is critical that you follow the output format exactly as shown. If you don’t the grading system
will not be able to detect it and you will lose points. Beware of printing additional "invisible"
characters such as \0 (NULL byte).
Ÿ We HIGHLY encourage you to create your own samples to test and verify your programs on
different packet values.
The provided sample files MAY BE used in grading of the assignment. Additional tests WILL BE
used for grading.
Hand-in instructions
Do not add any miscellaneous printouts, as this will probably make the grading script give you a
zero. Please print out the text EXACTLY as it is displayed in the provided examples.
When writing your program try to comment as much as possible. Try to stay consistent with your
formatting. It is much easier for your TA and the professor to help you if we can figure out what
your code does quickly.
See Sparky Submission Instructions on Piazza for hand-in instructions. There is no tolerance for
homework submission via email. They must be submitted through Sparky. Please do not wait
until the last minute to submit your homework. If you are having trouble submitting, stop by
office hours prior to the deadline for assistance.
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